By Dr. Mohammed Tumala
The House of Representatives Committee on Constitutional Review had issued a “Call for Memoranda” inviting the Executive and Judicial bodies, State Governments, Women Groups, Academics, Civil Society Organizations, Labour Unions, Professional bodies, Ethnic Nationalities, Traditional Institutions, Student bodies, Nigerians in Diaspora, Diplomats and the general public to submit memoranda or proposals for further alterations of the 1999 Constitution (as amended) on a list of 16 items including but not limited to Traditional Institutions, State creation, and State access to mining which are key to all states including Borno. Should Borno State watch the unfolding event on the sideline, or should it initiate public consultations to harvest ideas for its effective participation providing inputs, or better still, submit it memoranda for the creation of a new state from its present massive land mass and population?
I am not a student of history, but publicly available information show that the name Borno after which the State is named came from the Kanem-Bornu Sayfawa dynasty that extended to parts of Chad, Cameroun, Nigeria, Niger, and even Libya. Inter-territorial conflicts and colonization may have reshaped the dynasty leading to the eventual emergence of the present Borno with its head quarters in Maiduguri (formerly Yerwa). The stability in the polity followed the defeat of Rābiḥ in 1900, and the restoration of the al-Kanamī dynasty with Shehu Bukar Garbai as the Emir that settled in Yerwa (now Maiduguri) in 1907. The Shehu of Bornu still resides at Yerwa and is officially recognized as Nigeria’s second most important traditional Muslim leader, after the sultan of Sokoto. Bornu is well known for its commerce and international trade.
On independence in 1960, Nigeria was composed of three federating regions: the Northern Region, Eastern Region, and the Western Region. The changes in the political structure of the country that followed were mainly intended towards improvements in governance and administration, and in response to political instability/crises. Creating new administrative units brought governance closer to the people and enabled better delivery of healthcare, education, infrastructure and other social services by reducing bureaucratic bottlenecks and decentralizing power.
The Mid-West Region was created in 1963 for instance following a crisis that engulfed the Region. Also, the military intervention in 1967 that disrupted democratic rule led to the eventual re-design of Nigeria’s administrative structure. The four-region structure was replaced by a twelve-state structure, and one of the states created then was the North-Eastern State which had its administrative headquarters at Maiduguri. Prior to this, Kaduna was the administrative capital of the Northern Region.
In response to the move by the National Assembly to alter the 1999 Constitution, most, if not all the defunct 19 states have mobilized for the creation of a new state by splitting the existing. In the Northeast, Bauchi and Adamawa have advanced in the mobilization towards the creation of Katagun and Amana states respectively. That of Bauchi in particular, is a government lead action. Borno’s experience towards the creation of a new state has been mired by distrust and open opposition particularly as exhibited in Bauchi during the 2014 constitutional amendment process.
Historically, the Bornu Empire and in particular the present Borno State exemplifies the gains of state creation in Nigeria. Following the designation of Maiduguri as the administrative capital of the North Eastern State, the city witnessed tremendous developments in commerce and infrastructure. Key institutions like the present-day Ramat Polytechnic and University of Maiduguri were established first as Government Technical College and North-East College of Art and Science respectively, the Musa Usman Secretariat and General Hospital Maiduguri were built. Trade and Commerce expanded, employment opportunities grew, and more importantly the people of the northeast converged at Maiduguri to make it one of the fastest growing cities in the country. It brought governance and access to social amenities closer to the people.
The expansion in economic activities and general improvements in the wellbeing of Nigerians because of state creation encouraged the subsequent decisions to create more states. The Northeastern State was first split into three states: Bauchi, Borno and Gongola states. Today, Yola and Bauchi cities have recorded tremendous developments with both having well established institutions and infrastructure like international airports, tertiary education institutions, hospitals, road network, industries, etc., while Damaturu, Gombe and Jalingo are coming up following their designation as state capitals.
State creation has made administration easier and more effective in the country. With a land mass of 70,898 square kilometres and the eleventh most populated state in the country, Borno is 21.2 times the size of Lagos, 9.3 times that of Akwa Ibom and 3.4 times the size of Kano State. An emerging pattern in the country is that of states with large land masses having large ungoverned spaces in view of the cost and difficulty in policing. As at today, Borno State has the largest ungoverned spaces in the country and the most heavily affected by the Boko Haram insurgency, while the other five states were able to contain and manage their situations better.
With the growing young population, public works and other activities associated with the establishment of a new state structure will open employment and commercial opportunities for our youths, while the movement of people out of Maiduguri to a new state when created will open up opportunities for youths in the current Borno State. We recall that when Bauchi, Gongola and Yobe states were created, huge opportunities opened for our youths of Borno.
To demonstrate the opportunities of state creation, we look at Nigeria remaining four-regional structure, today the present Borno may have a commissioner in the regional government, travel to Kaduna to interact with government. Better still, if we had remained the North Eastern State, the executive council may have probably only two from the present Borno as members, and may be at most 20% of the current employees of government will have an opportunity to work.
I strongly feel that the Borno State Government should lead the discussion for an effective and beneficial participation in the alteration processes of the Nigerian 1999 Constitution, and in particular build consensus around the creation of two most viable states from the present Borno State.
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