By Feng Hua, Zhang Wei, People’s Daily
　　
China recently successfully launched a terrestrial ecosystem carbon monitoring
satellite from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in north China’s Shanxi Province.
Named “Goumang,” the satellite is expected to provide remote sensing services and
improve the efficiency and accuracy of carbon sink measurement, providing important
support for the country’s efforts to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and
achieve carbon neutrality before 2060.
As a scientific research satellite under the framework of China’s medium and long-
term development plan of national civilian space infrastructure, Goumang will operate
in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 506 kilometers, inclined 97.4 degrees,
according to Cao Haiyi, chief designer of Goumang.
The satellite is able to detect and measure such factors as vegetation biomass,
atmospheric aerosol and chlorophyll fluorescence through comprehensive remote
sensing means, including laser, multi-angle, multi-spectral, hyperspectral, and
polarization.
The satellite can provide a wide variety of services, such as monitoring carbon in the
terrestrial ecosystem, surveying and monitoring terrestrial ecology and resources,
monitoring and evaluating major environmental protection projects, monitoring the
atmospheric environment, and obtaining data about the effect of aerosols on climate
change.
Moreover, the satellite will also meet the needs for the determination of vertical
control points, disaster monitoring and evaluation, and agricultural forecasting. It will
significantly boost quantitative land remote sensing in China.
The satellite can obtain information about global forest carbon sinks through both
active and passive remote sensing. This will help enhance the country’s capability to
monitor and measure carbon sinks in various ecosystems, including forests,
grasslands, wetlands and desertified land.
Equipped with payloads including laser radar, multi-angle and multi-spectral camera,
hyperspectral detector and polarization imager, Goumang can monitor key data on
carbon sink capacity of forests, including plant height, vegetation coverage,
chlorophyll fluorescence, and PM2.5 concentrations, helping improve the efficiency
and accuracy of carbon sink measurement.
The multi-beam laser radar enables the satellite to measure the height of a tree by
calculating the difference between the time when the laser beams scan the crown of
the tree and the time when the laser beams scan the ground.

Through statistical analysis and application tests, the research and development
(R&D) team has managed to use five laser devices on the radar to emit laser beams
200 times in one second, eventually shortening the distance between two objects to be
monitored from several thousand meters to several hundred meters and significantly
improving the accuracy of plant height measurement.
The satellite has five multi-spectral cameras, which can help monitor the Earth from
five angles. This enables the satellite to accurately measure vegetation coverage and
the density of forests. The five multi-spectral cameras can help the satellite create a
three-dimensional map with high accuracy of the distribution of vegetation in the area
monitored by the satellite.
The satellite’s ability to accurately map the distribution of chlorophyll fluorescence
offers important support for the efficient and precise measurement of carbon sinks. To
improve the accuracy of detecting the spectrum of chlorophyll fluorescence, which
emits only a very small amount of energy, a hyperspectral detector has been installed
in the satellite and the theory of grating spectrometer has been applied, which
increased the spectral resolution by tenfold, enabling the device to detect even the
most subtle change in daylight intensity.
In order to remove the atmospheric effects, a polarization imager has been installed on
the satellite, which is able to detect PM2.5 concentrations from 35 angles and obtain
information about horizontal PM2.5 concentrations.
In addition, the satellite is also equipped with a laser radar, which can help monitor
longitudinal PM2.5 concentrations. These two payloads enable the satellite to provide
information about PM2.5 concentrations from three dimensions, guaranteeing a
higher level of accuracy for atmospheric correction.
The launch of Goumang marked the 430th mission of the Long March rocket family.
Also launched on the same rocket were two small satellites, namely the Jiaotong 4
and the Minhang Youth.
The Jiaotong 4 will be used to collect information about ship movements and flight
statuses around the globe, as well as information about the global Internet of Things
(IoT). The Minhang Youth, which is designated as a platform for young students to
partake in space science research and engineering practice activities, including
satellite design, satellite R&D, satellite payloads, and satellite launch, will carry out
applied scientific research on space-Earth integrated carbon source monitoring.